If the work involves the use of human subjects, the author should ensure that the work described has been carried out in accordance with The Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) for experiments involving humans.

Studies on patients or volunteers require ethics committee approval and informed consent, which should be documented in the paper. Appropriate consents, permissions and releases must be obtained where an author wishes to include case details or other personal information or images of patients and any other individuals. Authors should include a statement in the manuscript that informed consent was obtained for experimentation with human subjects. The privacy rights of human subjects must always be observed.

For studies involving animals, national and international laws and treaties governing animal safety should be strictly adhered to. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalwelfare/sa_awa/ct_awa_program_information;  

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1993/2103/made; Nigeria, Anti-cruelty, protection and welfare   

https://www.globalanimallaw.org/database/national/nigeria/.